Montenegro is grappling with a growing trend of historical revisionism, stirring political tensions as a significant portion of the population remains ambivalent about documented war crimes and collaboration during the Second World War. A recent study conducted by CG Plus, published in December 2022, revealed that nearly one-third of citizens do not express a clear opinion on the historical role of Pavle Đurišić, a prominent figure associated with the Chetnik movement. This lack of consensus raises questions about the nation’s comprehension of its past and its implications for the future.
The ongoing discourse surrounding historical narratives highlights a deep-seated conflict in Montenegro between its antifascist heritage and contemporary political attempts to undermine it. Milan Šćekic, a historian, emphasizes that the relationship with the Chetnik movement and institutional inaction are contributing to a decline in trust towards the European path that Montenegro has sought to follow. As historical relativism and value distortions gain traction in political and media narratives, the nation faces a serious social disorientation.
Šćekic notes that the ambivalence towards historical figures like Đurišić is not merely a result of ignorance but rather a reflection of exhaustion over identity issues and persistent historical debates. He argues that the current political elite have little to offer citizens beyond discussions of the past, while they themselves accumulate wealth. This context has made historical themes increasingly desirable in media discourse, particularly those that divide society, such as events from 1918, the Podgorica Assembly, and the legacies of various wartime factions.
Institutional Inaction and Public Sentiment
The survey indicates that approximately 60% of citizens oppose the erection of a monument to Đurišić, yet a notable portion remains undecided. This raises concerns about the implications of memorializing a figure with a controversial historical role. Šćekic describes the lack of a decisive public stance as troubling, especially given the significant opposition to the monument. He warns that the issue may resurface as factions within the government could seek to promote a narrative contrary to the will of the majority.
The mounting evidence of public opposition to the monument suggests a systemic failure in educational and cultural policies, as one-third of citizens lack a stance on documented war crimes and collaboration with occupiers. According to Šćekic, the educational system has its limitations and has historically been shaped more by the ruling regime than by independent scholarship. He asserts that while education can influence historical consciousness, the advent of advanced technology and artificial intelligence means that history is no longer solely conveyed through textbooks.
The passive stance of institutions regarding the monument reflects broader concerns about their role in perpetuating or challenging revisionist narratives. If these institutions do not actively engage in their responsibilities, they risk tacitly endorsing ideologies that were defeated in the Second World War.
European Aspirations and Identity Crisis
As Montenegro’s aspirations for European Union membership face delays—having applied in late 2008 and begun negotiations in 2012—public support for accession has waned. A recent decline of approximately 13% in support for EU membership illustrates growing disillusionment among citizens. Šćekic points out that the prolonged wait for EU membership has eroded the initial enthusiasm for integration, which was once seen as a vital step towards modernity and development.
The shift in public sentiment towards EU membership signifies a deeper crisis regarding the societal values and direction of Montenegro. Šćekic emphasizes that the once-appealing notion of EU accession has become less attractive due to the political promises that have not materialized. As the nation moves closer to potential accession dates, currently projected for 2028 or later, skepticism appears to be on the rise.
Montenegro is at a crossroads, facing a quiet yet profound conflict between its antifascist legacy and the efforts to reshape historical narratives. Šćekic asserts that while the outcome of this struggle remains uncertain, he is confident that antifascist values will ultimately prevail. This ongoing tension poses significant implications for the nation’s identity and its future within the European community.
